Resilience and Vulnerability in Electrical Power Systems

The very fast digitalization of electrical systems has brought remarkable opportunities and significant risks. Infrastructures that were once largely isolated, are now significantly interconnected, relying on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) platforms, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices, and cloud-based services. Considering this transformation has improved efficiency and flexibility, it has also broadened the attack surface available to malicious actors. High-profile incidents over the past decade, such as the Stuxnet worm in 2010, the cyberattacks on Ukraine’s power grid in 2015-2016, and the SolarWinds supply chain compromise in 2020, have exposed the vulnerability of power systems to sophisticated threats. This paper explores resilience and vulnerability as two complementary aspects of protecting electrical infrastructures. Vulnerabilities are examined from many perspectives, such as technical, organizational, and supply-chain, while resilience is understood as the ability to anticipate, withstand, and recover from many disruptive events. More particular attention is given to emerging approaches, including the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) tools, the use of microgrids for redundancy, and the role of cross-border regulatory frameworks. The discussion is highlighting the need for a holistic approach that combines technology, governance, and international cooperation. Such approach is essential for building adaptable, flexible infrastructures that are capable of maintaining energy security in an increasingly complex and uncertain threat landscape.