Vectorcardiographic Loop Reconstruction from ECG Biosignals: A Visual and Quantitative Approach

Vectorcardiography (VCG) provides a three-dimensional representation of the heart’s electrical activity, offering a spatially coherent perspective that complements the traditional 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). This study presents a practical method to reconstruct VCG loops from standard ECG recordings using an approximate transformation based on three leads (I, aVF, and V2). This technique is applied to a collection of signals selected from a publicly available, large-scale arrhythmia database. A comparative analysis was conducted on five representative samples, including a normal sinus rhythm and various pathological rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, right and left bundle branch block. The reconstructed VCG loops were examined both qualitatively and quantitatively using geometric features such as loop area, duration, and spatial orientation. The results confirm that pathological rhythms exhibit distinct and consistent deformations in VCG morphology, suggesting potential for automated classification. This approach demonstrates that clinically meaningful spatial insights can be extracted from standard ECG recordings without requiring specialized VCG acquisition systems.